000			02370nab a22002297a 4500
003			EC-PaCDF
005			20171205152806.0
008			160810t20152015xxu|||||||||||||||||eng||
040			_aEC-PaCDF
041			_aeng
082	0	4	_a583.956 _222
100	1		_aJäger, Heinke. _9235
245	1	0	_aBiology and Impacts of Pacific Island Invasive Species: _b11. Cinchona pubescens ( Red Quinine Tree) ( Rubiaceae).
520	0		_aCinchona pubescens Vahl (red quinine) is an evergreen tree ranging in height from 10 to 25 m with broad leaves and white or pink fragrant flowers arranged in clusters. Growing at altitudes between 130 and 3,300 m, it is one of 23 species in the genus Cinchona and has a natural distribution from Costa Rica to Bolivia. Cinchona pubescens has been cultivated in tropical regions (e.g., in South America, Africa, China, India, and Indonesia) for its quinine-containing bark and has become invasive in some regions. This is especially the case in the Pacific region, where C. pubescens has invaded humid highland areas of Galápagos, Hawai‘i, and Tahiti. It shades out and reduces cover of native plant species and adversely affects endemic birds. In addition, it changes microclimate and nutrient cycling in the soil, especially phosphorus, in Galápagos. Characteristics that make it such a successful invader include production of numerous, windborne seeds and vigorous vegetative reproduction by resprouting from underground stems and fallen trees. In Galápagos, C. pubescens is currently being manually controlled by uprooting the trees and by applying herbicides to cuts in the bark. However, this method requires continuous hand pulling of seedlings to be successful. Disturbance by control actions appears to facilitate establishment and invasion by other nonnative plant species, especially blackberry (Rubus niveus). Quinine and other alkaloids extracted from Cinchona bark are still being used for medicinal purposes today and the wood is increasingly used as construction material in Galápagos. Ironically, C. pubescens is now considered rare and endangered in its native range in Ecuador.
546			_aEnglish
550			_a2094
653			_aRed Quinine Tree
653			_aRubiaceae
773	0		_tPacific Science _gVol. 69, no. 2 (Sep 2015) p. 133-153.
856	4	0	_uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2984/69.2.1
942			_2ddc _cARTICLE
999			_c12690 _d12690