000			02151nab a22003137a 4500
003			EC-PaCDF
005			20171201115512.0
008			160720t20132013xxu|||||||||||||||l|eng||
040			_aEC-PaCDF
041			_aeng
082	0	4	_a598.47 _222
100	1		_aPalmer, Jamie L.
245	1	0	_aSeroprevalence of malarial antibodies in Galapagos penguins (spheniscus mendiculus)
520	0		_aA parasite species of the genus Plasmodium has recently been documented in the endangered Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus). Avian malaria causes high mortality in several species after initial exposure and there is great concern for the conservation of the endemic Galapagos penguin. Using a Plasmodium spp. circumsporozoite protein antigen, we standardized an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test the level of exposure in this small population, as indicated by seroprevalence. Sera from adult and juvenile Galapagos penguins collected between 2004 and 2009 on the Galapagos archipelago were tested for the presence of anti-Plasmodium spp. antibodies. Penguins were also tested for the prevalence of avian malaria parasite DNA using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening. Total seroprevalence of malarial antibodies in this sample group was 97.2%, which suggests high exposure to the parasite and low Plasmodium-induced mortality. However, total prevalence of Plasmodium parasite DNA by PCR screening was 9.2%, and this suggests that parasite prevalence may be under-detected through PCR screening. Multiple detection methods may be necessary to measure the real extent of Plasmodium exposure on the archipelago.
546			_aEnglish
550			_a2065
653			_aGalapagos penguins.
653			_aPingüinos de Galápagos.
653			_aSpheniscus mendiculus.
700	1		_aMcCutchan, Thomas F.
700	1		_aVargas, Hernan F. _91367
700	1		_aDeem, Sharon L. _9925
700	1		_aCruz, Marilyn _9922
700	1		_aHartman, Daniel A.
700	1		_aParker, Patricia G.
773	0		_gVol. 99, no. 5,(Apr 2013), p. 770–776 _tJ. Parasitol,
856	4	0	_uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1645/12-57.1
942			_2ddc _cARTICLE
999			_c12651 _d12651